For teachers
New York, grades 7 to 12
12 lists, 600 words. Print this page and each list is a code a student can point a phone at.
Word lists from New York State Next Generation ELA Standards.
Tap Open on a phone to see a list, or print the page and hand it out. Nothing on this page is uploaded: the words travel inside the link itself.
Every word, in text
The same words the codes carry, written out so you can read, copy or search them without a phone. Open a list to see it.
Grade 7 · List A50 words
| Word | How to say it | What it means |
|---|---|---|
| academic | a-kuh-DEH-mihk | related to education, study, or scholarship |
| adapt | uh-DAPT | to change to fit new conditions |
| analyze | A-nuh-lEYEz | to study the parts of something carefully |
| annotate | A-nuh-tAYt | to add notes that explain or comment on a text |
| anticipate | an-TIH-suh-pAYt | to expect and prepare for |
| approximate | uhp-RAHK-suh-muht | close to the correct value but not exact |
| argument | AHR-gyuh-muhnt | a reasoned claim or a disagreement |
| articulate | ahr-TIHK-yuh-lAYt | expressing oneself readily, clearly, and effectively |
| assumption | uh-SUHM-pshuhn | a taking to or upon oneself |
| audience | AH-dee-uhns | people watching or listening |
| bias | BEYE-uhs | an unfair preference that affects judgment |
| category | KA-tuh-gaw-ree | a group of things that share features |
| cause | KAHZ | something that makes another thing happen |
| cite | SEYET | to name a source as evidence |
| clarify | KLEH-ruh-fEYE | to make easier to understand |
| classify | KLA-suh-fEYE | to sort into groups |
| coherent | kOH-HIH-ruhnt | clear, logical, and connected |
| compare | kuhm-PEHR | to examine how things are alike and different |
| complex | KAHM-plehks | made of many connected parts; not simple |
| conclude | kuhn-KLOOD | to decide after thinking about evidence |
| conflict | KAHN-flihkt | a serious disagreement or struggle |
| consequence | KAHN-suhk-wuhns | a result of an action or event |
| consistent | kuhn-SIHS-tuhnt | staying the same or following the same pattern |
| construct | kuhns-TRUHKT | to build or form |
| context | KAHN-tehkst | the words or situation surrounding something |
| contrast | KAHN-trast | to show how things are different |
| credible | KREH-duh-buhl | believable and trustworthy |
| criteria | krEYE-TIH-ree-uh | standards used to judge or decide something |
| data | DAY-tuh | facts or measurements collected for study |
| debate | duh-BAYT | a contention by words or arguments |
| define | dih-FEYEN | to determine or identify the essential qualities or meaning of |
| demonstrate | DEH-muhns-trAYt | to show clearly how something works or is true |
| determine | duh-TUR-muhn | to find out or decide |
| develop | dih-VEH-luhp | to grow, improve, or create over time |
| distinguish | dihs-TIHNG-gwihsh | to recognize or show a difference |
| diverse | dEYE-VURS | including many different kinds or people |
| effect | ih-FEHKT | a change caused by something |
| element | EH-luh-muhnt | a basic part of something |
| emphasize | EHM-fuh-sEYEz | to give special importance to |
| evaluate | ih-VAL-yoo-AYt | to judge quality or value using evidence |
| evidence | EH-vuh-duhns | facts or signs that show something is true |
| explicit | ihks-PLIH-suht | stated clearly and directly |
| factor | FAK-tur | something that helps cause a result |
| formulate | FAWR-myuh-lAYt | to develop carefully, such as a plan or idea |
| function | FUHNG-kshuhn | the job or purpose of something |
| identify | EYE-DEHN-tuh-fEYE | to name or recognize |
| illustrate | IH-luhs-trAYt | to explain with examples or pictures |
| imply | ihm-PLEYE | to suggest without saying directly |
| infer | ihn-FUR | to reach a conclusion from evidence and reasoning |
| interpret | ihn-TURP-ruht | to explain the meaning of something |
Grade 7 · List B50 words
| Word | How to say it | What it means |
|---|---|---|
| justify | JUHS-tuh-fEYE | to give good reasons or evidence |
| logical | LAH-jih-kuhl | of, relating to, involving, or being in accordance with logic |
| maintain | mAYn-TAYN | to keep in good condition or continue |
| method | MEH-thuhd | a way of doing something |
| modify | MAH-duh-fEYE | to change somewhat |
| objective | uhb-JEHK-tihv | not influenced by personal feelings; also a goal |
| perspective | purs-PEHK-tihv | a particular way of seeing or thinking |
| predict | prih-DIHKT | to say what you think will happen |
| primary | PREYE-meh-ree | first in importance, order, or development |
| principle | PRIHN-suh-puhl | a basic rule, truth, or belief |
| procedure | pruh-SEE-jur | an established series of steps for doing something |
| process | PRAH-sehs | a series of steps that produce a result |
| propose | pruh-POHZ | to suggest a plan or idea |
| purpose | PUR-puhs | the reason something exists or is done |
| relevant | REH-luh-vuhnt | closely connected to the topic |
| represent | rehp-rih-ZEHNT | to stand for or show something |
| resolve | ree-ZAHLV | to solve a problem or settle a disagreement |
| respond | rihs-PAHND | to answer or react |
| significant | suhg-NIH-fih-kuhnt | important or large enough to matter |
| source | SAWRS | where something comes from or where information is found |
| specific | spuh-SIH-fihk | clearly named or exact |
| structure | STRUHK-chur | the way parts are arranged |
| summarize | SUH-mur-EYEz | to state the main ideas briefly |
| support | suh-PAWRT | to help; to provide evidence for an idea |
| synthesize | SIHN-thuh-sEYEz | to combine ideas into a new whole |
| theme | THEEM | a subject or topic of discourse or of artistic representation |
| valid | VA-lihd | reasonable, accurate, or supported by evidence |
| variable | VEH-ree-uh-buhl | something that can change |
| ecosystem | EE-kOH-sihs-tuhm | living things and their physical environment interacting as a system |
| organism | AWR-guh-nih-zuhm | an individual living thing |
| photosynthesis | fOH-tOH-SIHN-thuh-sihs | the process plants use to make food from light, water, and carbon dioxide |
| respiration | rehs-pur-AY-shuhn | the process cells use to release energy from food |
| molecule | MAH-luhk-yool | two or more atoms joined together |
| atom | A-tuhm | the smallest unit of a chemical element |
| compound | KAHM-pOWnd | a substance formed from two or more chemical elements |
| energy | EH-nur-jee | the power needed to do work or cause change |
| force | FAWRS | a push or pull that can change an object’s motion |
| motion | MOH-shuhn | a change in position over time |
| ratio | RAY-shee-OH | a comparison of two quantities |
| proportion | pruh-PAWR-shuhn | an equation stating that two ratios are equal |
| integer | IHN-tuh-jur | a whole number, including negative numbers and zero |
| equation | ihk-WAY-zhuhn | a mathematical statement that two expressions are equal |
| geometry | jee-AH-muht-ree | the branch of mathematics studying shapes, sizes, and spatial relationships |
| civilization | sih-vuh-lih-ZAY-shuhn | an organized human society with developed culture and institutions |
| democracy | dih-MAHK-ruh-see | government by the people |
| economy | ih-KAH-nuh-mee | the structure or conditions of economic life in a country, area, or period |
| migration | mEYEg-RAY-shuhn | the act, process, or an instance of migrating |
| culture | KUHL-chur | the beliefs, customs, arts, and way of life of a group |
| geography | jee-AHG-ruh-fee | the study of Earth, its places, environments, and people |
| chronology | kruh-NAH-luh-jee | the arrangement of events in time order |
Grade 8 · List A50 words
| Word | How to say it | What it means |
|---|---|---|
| abstract | abs-TRAKT | existing as an idea rather than a physical object |
| acknowledge | ak-NAH-lihj | to admit, recognize, or show awareness |
| acquire | uhk-WEYE-ur | to gain or obtain |
| advocate | AD-vuh-kuht | one who pleads the cause of another |
| ambiguous | am-BIHG-yoo-uhs | doubtful or uncertain especially from obscurity or indistinctness |
| analogy | uh-NA-luh-jee | a comparison of two otherwise unlike things based on resemblance of a particular aspect |
| assess | uh-SEHS | to evaluate or judge |
| attribute | AT-ruhb-yoot | a quality, character, or characteristic ascribed to someone or something |
| authentic | uh-THEHN-tihk | worthy of acceptance or belief as conforming to or based on fact |
| authority | uh-THAW-ruh-tee | power to influence or command thought, opinion, or behavior |
| available | uh-VAY-luh-buhl | present or ready for immediate use |
| benefit | BEH-nuh-fiht | a helpful result or advantage |
| capacity | kuh-PA-suh-tee | the maximum amount something can hold or produce |
| challenge | CHA-luhnj | a difficult task or problem |
| characterize | KEH-ruhk-tur-EYEz | to describe the distinctive qualities of something |
| circumstance | SUR-kuhm-stans | a condition or fact connected with an event |
| collaborate | kuh-LA-bur-AYt | to work together on a shared task |
| commentary | KAH-muhn-teh-ree | spoken or written explanation, opinion, or analysis |
| communicate | kuhm-YOO-nuh-kAYt | to share information, thoughts, or feelings |
| compatible | kuhm-PA-tuh-buhl | able to exist or work together successfully |
| comprehensive | kahm-pree-HEHN-sihv | complete and covering all or nearly all parts |
| concept | KAHN-sehpt | a general idea or understanding |
| conduct | KAHN-duhkt | to organize and carry out an activity |
| confirm | kuhn-FURM | to show that something is true or correct |
| contemporary | kuhn-TEHM-pur-eh-ree | belonging to or occurring in the present time |
| contradict | kahn-truh-DIHKT | to state the opposite of or be inconsistent with |
| controversy | KAHN-truh-vur-see | public disagreement about an issue |
| convert | KAHN-vurt | to change from one form or purpose to another |
| coordinate | kOH-AWR-duh-nuht | to organize different parts so they work together |
| correspond | kaw-ruhs-PAHND | to match, be similar, or communicate in writing |
| crucial | KROO-shuhl | important, significant |
| decline | dihk-LEYEN | to become less in amount |
| deduce | dih-DOOS | to determine by reasoning or deduction |
| derive | dur-EYEV | to take, receive, or obtain especially from a specified source |
| detect | dih-TEHKT | to discover the true character of |
| differentiate | dih-fur-EHN-shee-AYt | to obtain the mathematical derivative of |
| dimension | dih-MEHN-shuhn | measure in one direction |
| discriminate | dihs-KRIH-muh-nAYt | to mark or perceive the distinguishing or peculiar features of |
| dynamic | dEYE-NA-mihk | marked by usually continuous and productive activity or change |
| elaborate | ih-LAB-ruht | planned or carried out with great care |
| equivalent | ihk-WIH-vuh-luhnt | equal in force, amount, or value |
| ethical | EH-thih-kuhl | of or relating to ethics |
| evaluate | ih-VAL-yoo-AYt | to judge quality or value using evidence |
| exceed | ihk-SEED | to be greater than or superior to |
| exclude | ihks-KLOOD | to prevent or restrict the entrance of |
| exhibit | ihg-ZIH-biht | to submit to a court or officer in course of proceedings |
| expand | ihk-SPAND | to become or make larger |
| facilitate | fuh-SIH-luh-tAYt | to make an action or process easier |
| finite | FEYE-nEYEt | having definite or definable limits |
| hypothesis | hEYE-PAH-thuh-suhs | a testable explanation or prediction |
Grade 8 · List B50 words
| Word | How to say it | What it means |
|---|---|---|
| impact | ihm-PAKT | a strong effect or influence |
| indicate | IHN-duh-kAYt | to point out or point to |
| inevitable | ih-NEH-vuh-tuh-buhl | incapable of being avoided or evaded |
| integrate | IHN-tuhg-rAYt | to combine parts into a unified whole |
| interact | ihn-tur-AKT | to act upon one another |
| investigate | ihn-VEHS-tuh-gAYt | to examine carefully to discover facts |
| isolate | EYE-suh-lAYt | to set apart from others |
| manipulate | muh-NIHP-yuh-lAYt | to treat or operate with or as if with the hands or by mechanical means especially in a skillful manner |
| mechanism | MEH-kuh-nih-zuhm | a piece of machinery |
| motivate | MOH-tuh-vAYt | to give someone a reason or desire to act |
| neutral | NOOT-ruhl | one that is neutral |
| obtain | uhb-TAYN | to gain or attain usually by planned action or effort |
| perceive | pur-SEEV | to attain awareness or understanding of |
| persist | pur-SIHST | to go on resolutely or stubbornly in spite of opposition, importunity, or warning |
| potential | puh-TEHN-shuhl | the ability or possibility to develop or occur |
| precedent | PREH-sih-duhnt | an earlier event or decision used as an example for later cases |
| prohibit | prOH-HIH-buht | to officially forbid |
| promote | pruh-MOHT | to support, encourage, or raise to a higher position |
| react | ree-AKT | to exert a reciprocal or counteracting force or influence |
| recover | rih-KUH-vur | to return to a normal state or regain something |
| refine | ruh-FEYEN | to free from impurities or unwanted material |
| reinforce | ree-ihn-FAWRS | to strengthen with additional support |
| require | reek-WEYE-ur | to need or demand |
| restrict | rees-TRIHKT | to limit or control |
| sequence | SEEK-wuhns | the order in which things happen |
| simulate | SIHM-yuh-luht | to imitate a real process or situation for study |
| specify | SPEH-suh-fEYE | to name or state explicitly or in detail |
| sustain | suhs-TAYN | to give support or relief to |
| technique | tehk-NEEK | a particular method or skill used to do something |
| transform | tran-SFAWRM | to change greatly in form or appearance |
| transition | tran-ZIH-shuhn | a change from one state or stage to another |
| transmit | tran-ZMIHT | to send or pass something from one place to another |
| trend | TREHND | a general direction of change |
| ultimate | UHL-tuh-muht | final or most important |
| unique | yoo-NEEK | being the only one of its kind |
| voluntary | VAH-luhn-teh-ree | proceeding from the will or from one's own choice or consent |
| welfare | WEHL-fehr | the state of doing well especially in respect to good fortune, happiness, well-being, or prosperity |
| acceleration | ak-seh-lur-AY-shuhn | the rate at which velocity changes |
| adaptation | a-duhp-TAY-shuhn | a trait or change that helps an organism survive |
| biodiversity | bEYE-OH-dEYE-VUR-suh-tee | the variety of living things in an area |
| chemical | KEH-muh-kuhl | a substance with a particular molecular composition |
| density | DEHN-suh-tee | mass contained in a given amount of space |
| displacement | dihs-PLAYS-muhnt | a change in position from a starting point |
| ecosystem | EE-kOH-sihs-tuhm | living things and their physical environment interacting as a system |
| empirical | ehm-PIH-rih-kuhl | based on observation, experience, or experiment |
| erosion | ih-ROH-zhuhn | the wearing away and movement of rock or soil |
| genetics | juh-NEH-tihks | the study of genes and inheritance |
| gravity | GRA-vuh-tee | the force that attracts objects toward one another |
| habitat | HA-buh-tat | the natural home of an organism |
| inequality | ih-nihk-WAH-luh-tee | the quality of being unequal or uneven: such as |
Grade 9 · List A50 words
| Word | How to say it | What it means |
|---|---|---|
| allegory | A-luh-gaw-ree | a story whose characters and events represent deeper ideas |
| allusion | uh-LOO-zhuhn | an indirect reference to a familiar person, event, or work |
| ambiguity | am-bihg-YOO-uh-tee | the quality or state of being ambiguous especially in meaning |
| analogy | uh-NA-luh-jee | a comparison of two otherwise unlike things based on resemblance of a particular aspect |
| antagonist | an-TA-guh-nuhst | a character or force opposing the main character |
| archetype | AHR-kih-tEYEp | a widely recognized pattern, symbol, or character type |
| characterization | keh-ruhk-tur-ih-ZAY-shuhn | the methods used to reveal a character’s qualities |
| connotation | kah-nuh-TAY-shuhn | the feelings or ideas suggested by a word |
| denotation | dee-noh-TAY-shuhn | the direct dictionary meaning of a word |
| diction | DIHK-shuhn | a writer’s or speaker’s choice of words |
| dramatic | druh-MA-tihk | of or relating to the drama |
| figurative | FIHG-yur-uh-tihv | using words in an imaginative, nonliteral way |
| foreshadowing | fawr-SHA-dOH-ihng | clues that suggest what may happen later |
| imagery | IH-muhj-ree | descriptive language that appeals to the senses |
| irony | EYE-ruh-nee | a contrast between expectation and reality |
| metaphor | MEH-tuh-fawr | a comparison that says one thing is another |
| motif | mOH-TEEF | a recurring image, idea, or element in a work |
| narrative | NA-ruh-tihv | a spoken or written account of events |
| narrator | NEH-rAY-tur | the voice or person telling a story |
| paradox | PEH-ruh-dahks | a tenet contrary to received opinion |
| personification | pur-sah-nuh-fuh-KAY-shuhn | giving human qualities to nonhuman things |
| plot | PLAHT | a small area of planted ground |
| protagonist | prOH-TA-guh-nuhst | the main character in a story |
| satire | SA-tEYE-ur | humor or exaggeration used to criticize |
| symbolism | SIHM-buh-lih-zuhm | the use of objects or images to represent larger ideas |
| syntax | SIHN-taks | the arrangement of words and phrases in sentences |
| tone | TOHN | vocal or musical sound of a specific quality |
| tragedy | TRA-juh-dee | a serious work in which the main character experiences downfall or suffering |
| thesis | THEE-suhs | a central argument or a long research paper |
| rhetoric | REH-tur-ihk | language used effectively to persuade or communicate |
| assertion | uh-SUR-shuhn | a confident statement or claim |
| counterclaim | KOWN-turk-lAYm | a claim that opposes another claim |
| corroborate | kur-AH-bur-AYt | to support a claim with additional evidence |
| critique | kruh-TEEK | an act of criticizing |
| implication | ihm-pluh-KAY-shuhn | something implied: such as |
| premise | PREH-mihs | a proposition antecedently supposed or proved as a basis of argument or inference |
| refute | rihf-YOOT | to prove a claim wrong with evidence |
| perspective | purs-PEHK-tihv | a particular way of seeing or thinking |
| context | KAHN-tehkst | the words or situation surrounding something |
| inference | IHN-fur-uhns | something that is inferred |
| synthesis | SIHN-thuh-suhs | the composition or combination of parts or elements so as to form a whole |
| thematic | thee-MA-tihk | of, relating to, or constituting a theme |
| chronological | krah-nuh-LAH-jih-kuhl | arranged in the order events occurred |
| causal | KAW-zuhl | relating to cause and effect |
| empirical | ehm-PIH-rih-kuhl | based on observation, experience, or experiment |
| qualitative | KWAH-luh-tAY-tihv | relating to qualities rather than numerical amounts |
| quantitative | KWAHN-tih-tAY-tihv | relating to measured numerical amounts |
| correlation | kaw-ruh-LAY-shuhn | a relationship in which two variables change together |
| equation | ihk-WAY-zhuhn | a mathematical statement that two expressions are equal |
| polynomial | pah-lee-NOH-mee-uhl | an algebraic expression made of variables and coefficients |
Grade 9 · List B50 words
| Word | How to say it | What it means |
|---|---|---|
| quadratic | kwahd-RAH-tihk | relating to an equation whose highest exponent is two |
| coefficient | kOH-uh-FIH-shuhnt | a number multiplied by a variable |
| exponent | EHK-spOH-nuhnt | a number showing how many times a base is multiplied by itself |
| radical | RA-duh-kuhl | of, relating to, or proceeding from a root: such as |
| function | FUHNG-kshuhn | the job or purpose of something |
| domain | dOH-MAYN | the set of possible input values of a function |
| range | RAYNJ | the set of possible output values of a function |
| theorem | THIH-ruhm | a statement proved using accepted facts and reasoning |
| congruent | KAWN-groo-ehnt | having exactly the same shape and size |
| similarity | sih-muh-LEH-ruh-tee | a quality shared by two or more things |
| coordinate | kOH-AWR-duh-nuht | to organize different parts so they work together |
| vector | VEHK-tur | a quantity having both magnitude and direction |
| cell | SEHL | the smallest structural and functional unit of a living organism |
| chromosome | KROH-muh-sOHm | a structure in a cell that contains DNA |
| DNA | DEE-eh-NAY | the molecule that carries genetic instructions in living things |
| gene | JEEN | a unit of heredity made of DNA |
| heredity | hur-EH-duh-tee | the passing of traits from parents to offspring |
| mutation | myoo-TAY-shuhn | a change in genetic material |
| natural selection | NACH-ur-uhl suh-LEK-shuhn | the process in which helpful inherited traits become more common over generations |
| homeostasis | hOH-mee-OHs-TAY-suhs | the maintenance of stable internal conditions |
| ecology | ih-KAH-luh-jee | a branch of science concerned with the interrelationship of organisms and their environments |
| population | pahp-yuh-LAY-shuhn | the whole number of people or inhabitants in a country or region |
| community | kuhm-YOO-nuh-tee | people living or working in the same area |
| biome | BEYE-OHm | a large ecological region defined by climate and organisms |
| republic | ree-PUHB-luhk | a government having a chief of state who is not a monarch and who in modern times is usually a president |
| monarchy | MAH-nahr-kee | undivided rule or absolute sovereignty by a single person |
| democracy | dih-MAHK-ruh-see | government by the people |
| federalism | FEH-dur-uh-lih-zuhm | a system that divides power between national and regional governments |
| amendment | uh-MEHN-dmuhnt | an official change or addition to a law or document |
| judiciary | joo-DIH-shee-eh-ree | the branch of government that interprets laws |
| legislature | LEH-juhs-lAY-chur | a body of persons having the power to legislate |
| executive | ihg-ZEHK-yuh-tihv | of or relating to the execution of the laws and the conduct of public and national affairs |
| citizenship | SIH-tih-zuhn-shihp | the status, rights, and duties of a citizen |
| industrialization | ihn-duhs-tree-uh-lih-ZAY-shuhn | the development of industries and machine production |
| nationalism | NA-shuh-nuh-lih-zuhm | strong identification with and support for one’s nation |
| imperialism | ihm-PIH-ree-uh-lih-zuhm | a policy of extending power over other countries |
| urbanization | ur-buh-nuh-ZAY-shuhn | the growth of cities and movement of people into them |
| economy | ih-KAH-nuh-mee | the structure or conditions of economic life in a country, area, or period |
| labor | LAY-bur | expenditure of physical or mental effort especially when difficult or compulsory |
| reform | ruh-FAWRM | to put or change into an improved form or condition |
| ideology | EYE-dee-AH-luh-jee | a system of ideas and beliefs |
| propaganda | prah-puh-GAN-duh | information designed to influence opinions or actions |
| primary source | PRYE-mair-ee SORS | an original record created during the time being studied |
| secondary source | SEK-uhn-dair-ee SORS | an account that analyzes or explains original sources |
| soliloquy | suh-LIH-luhk-wee | a speech in which a character speaks thoughts aloud while alone |
| stanza | STAN-zuh | a grouped set of lines in a poem |
| genre | ZHAHN-ruh | a category of artistic, musical, or literary composition characterized by a particular style, form, or content |
| memoir | MEHM-wahr | a personal account of experiences and memories |
| autobiography | aw-tuh-bEYE-AHG-ruh-fee | the story of a person’s life written by that person |
| exponential | ehk-spOH-NEHN-shuhl | increasing or decreasing at a rate based on repeated multiplication |
Grade 10 · List A50 words
| Word | How to say it | What it means |
|---|---|---|
| aberration | a-bur-AY-shuhn | a departure from what is normal or expected |
| abstract | abs-TRAKT | existing as an idea rather than a physical object |
| adversity | ad-VUR-sih-tee | a difficult or unfavorable condition |
| aesthetic | ehs-THEH-tihk | concerned with beauty or artistic taste |
| allocate | A-luh-kAYt | to distribute something for a particular purpose |
| altruism | AL-troo-ih-zuhm | selfless concern for the well-being of others |
| ambivalent | am-BIH-vuh-luhnt | having mixed or opposing feelings |
| analogous | uh-NA-luh-guhs | similar or comparable to something else either in general or in some specific detail |
| arbitrary | AHR-buht-reh-ree | existing or coming about seemingly at random or by chance or as a capricious and unreasonable act of will |
| articulate | ahr-TIHK-yuh-lAYt | expressing oneself readily, clearly, and effectively |
| autonomy | aw-TAH-nuh-mee | the ability or right to govern oneself |
| catalyst | KA-tuh-luhst | something that causes or speeds up change |
| chronology | kruh-NAH-luh-jee | the arrangement of events in time order |
| coherent | kOH-HIH-ruhnt | clear, logical, and connected |
| compelling | kuhm-PEH-lihng | strongly convincing or holding attention |
| complacent | kuhm-PLAY-suhnt | too satisfied to notice danger or needed improvement |
| comprehensive | kahm-pree-HEHN-sihv | complete and covering all or nearly all parts |
| concede | kuhn-SEED | to admit that something is true or valid |
| consensus | kuhn-SEHN-suhs | general agreement among a group |
| constrain | kuhns-TRAYN | to limit or restrict |
| contemporary | kuhn-TEHM-pur-eh-ree | belonging to or occurring in the present time |
| conventional | kuhn-VEHN-shuh-nuhl | based on accepted customs or ordinary practice |
| cumulative | KYOOM-yuh-luh-tihv | increasing by successive additions |
| deliberate | dih-LIH-bur-uht | to think about or discuss issues and decisions carefully |
| diminish | dih-MIH-nihsh | to make less or cause to appear less |
| discrete | dihs-KREET | separate and distinct |
| doctrine | DAHK-truhn | a set of beliefs taught by a group |
| eloquent | EH-luhk-wuhnt | fluent and persuasive in speaking or writing |
| empathy | EHM-puh-thee | the ability to understand and share another person’s feelings |
| empirical | ehm-PIH-rih-kuhl | based on observation, experience, or experiment |
| enhance | ehn-HANS | heighten, increase |
| ethical | EH-thih-kuhl | of or relating to ethics |
| evaluate | ih-VAL-yoo-AYt | to judge quality or value using evidence |
| excerpt | EHK-surpt | a short passage taken from a larger work |
| feasible | FEE-zuh-buhl | possible and practical to accomplish |
| fluctuate | FLUHK-chuh-wAYt | to rise and fall irregularly |
| fundamental | fuhn-duh-MEHN-tuhl | basic and essential |
| hypothetical | hEYE-puh-THEH-tuh-kuhl | based on a proposed idea or imagined situation |
| ideology | EYE-dee-AH-luh-jee | a system of ideas and beliefs |
| implicit | ihm-PLIH-suht | suggested or understood without being directly stated |
| incentive | ihn-SEHN-tihv | something that motivates action |
| inevitable | ih-NEH-vuh-tuh-buhl | incapable of being avoided or evaded |
| inherent | ihn-HIH-ruhnt | existing as a natural or essential part |
| integrity | ihn-TEHG-ruh-tee | honesty and strong moral principles |
| justify | JUHS-tuh-fEYE | to give good reasons or evidence |
| legacy | LEH-guh-see | something handed down from the past |
| manipulate | muh-NIHP-yuh-lAYt | to treat or operate with or as if with the hands or by mechanical means especially in a skillful manner |
| mitigate | MIH-tuh-gAYt | to make less severe or harmful |
| nuance | NOO-ahns | a subtle difference in meaning or feeling |
| objective | uhb-JEHK-tihv | not influenced by personal feelings; also a goal |
Grade 10 · List B50 words
| Word | How to say it | What it means |
|---|---|---|
| paradigm | PEH-ruh-dEYEm | a model or widely accepted way of understanding something |
| perspective | purs-PEHK-tihv | a particular way of seeing or thinking |
| plausible | PLAW-zuh-buhl | seeming reasonable or believable |
| precedent | PREH-sih-duhnt | an earlier event or decision used as an example for later cases |
| profound | prOH-FOWND | having deep meaning or great importance |
| reconcile | REH-kuhn-sEYEl | to restore agreement or make differing ideas consistent |
| reinforce | ree-ihn-FAWRS | to strengthen with additional support |
| resilient | rih-ZIHL-yuhnt | able to recover from difficulty |
| rhetoric | REH-tur-ihk | language used effectively to persuade or communicate |
| skeptical | SKEHP-tuh-kuhl | not easily convinced; questioning |
| subordinate | suh-BAWR-duh-nAYt | lower in rank or importance |
| subtle | SUH-tuhl | delicate, elusive |
| synthesize | SIHN-thuh-sEYEz | to combine ideas into a new whole |
| tentative | TEHN-tuh-tihv | not final or certain |
| thesis | THEE-suhs | a central argument or a long research paper |
| validate | VA-luh-dAYt | to confirm that something is sound, accurate, or acceptable |
| variable | VEH-ree-uh-buhl | something that can change |
| algorithm | AL-gur-ih-thuhm | a step-by-step method for solving a problem |
| asymptote | A-suhm-tOHt | a line that a curve approaches without meeting |
| logarithm | LAH-gur-ih-thuhm | the exponent needed to produce a number from a given base |
| probability | prah-buh-BIH-luh-tee | a measure of how likely an event is |
| statistics | stuh-TIHS-tihks | the study of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting numerical data |
| isotope | EYE-suh-tOHp | a form of an element with a different number of neutrons |
| reaction | ree-AK-shuhn | the act or process or an instance of reacting |
| equilibrium | eek-wuh-LIHB-ree-uhm | a state of balance |
| cell division | SELL dih-VIZH-uhn | the process by which one cell divides into new cells |
| evolution | eh-vuh-LOO-shuhn | change in inherited traits of populations over generations |
| biodiversity | bEYE-OH-dEYE-VUR-suh-tee | the variety of living things in an area |
| sustainability | suhs-tAY-nuh-BIH-lih-tee | meeting present needs without harming future resources |
| globalization | glOH-buh-lih-ZAY-shuhn | growing worldwide connection of economies and cultures |
| industrialization | ihn-duhs-tree-uh-lih-ZAY-shuhn | the development of industries and machine production |
| capitalism | KA-pih-tuh-lih-zuhm | an economic system based mainly on private ownership |
| socialism | SOH-shuh-lih-zuhm | an economic system with greater public or shared ownership |
| nationalism | NA-shuh-nuh-lih-zuhm | strong identification with and support for one’s nation |
| diplomacy | dihp-LOH-muh-see | managing relations between countries through negotiation |
| legislation | leh-juhs-LAY-shuhn | laws considered or enacted by a governing body |
| jurisdiction | joo-ruhs-DIHK-shuhn | official authority over a place or legal matter |
| constitutional | kahn-stuh-TOO-shuh-nuhl | relating to the fundamental laws of a government |
| civil liberty | SIV-uhl LIB-ur-tee | a basic freedom protected from government interference |
| demographic | deh-muhg-RA-fihk | relating to characteristics of a population |
| migration | mEYEg-RAY-shuhn | the act, process, or an instance of migrating |
| urbanization | ur-buh-nuh-ZAY-shuhn | the growth of cities and movement of people into them |
| renaissance | reh-nuh-SAHNS | a period of renewed interest in art, learning, and culture |
| reformation | reh-fur-MAY-shuhn | a major movement to change religious institutions |
| enlightenment | ehn-LEYE-tuhn-muhnt | an intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individual rights |
| colonialism | kuh-LOH-nee-uh-lih-zuhm | control of one territory by another country |
| revolution | reh-vuh-LOO-shuhn | the action by a celestial body of going round in an orbit or elliptical course |
| logarithmic | lah-gur-IHTH-mihk | the exponent that indicates the power to which a base number is raised to produce a given number |
| trigonometry | trig-uh-NAH-muh-tree | the branch of mathematics dealing with triangles and angle relationships |
| stoichiometry | stoy-kee-AH-muh-tree | a branch of chemistry that deals with the application of the laws of definite proportions and of the conservation of mass and energy to… |
Grade 11 · List A50 words
| Word | How to say it | What it means |
|---|---|---|
| abrogate | AB-ruh-gAYt | to officially end or cancel |
| acquiesce | ak-wee-EHS | to accept something without protest |
| advocate | AD-vuh-kuht | one who pleads the cause of another |
| aggregate | AG-ruh-guht | a total formed by combining separate parts |
| ambiguity | am-bihg-YOO-uh-tee | the quality or state of being ambiguous especially in meaning |
| anomaly | uh-NAH-muh-lee | something that differs from what is expected |
| antithesis | an-TIH-thuh-suhs | the direct opposite of something |
| appease | uh-PEEZ | to calm or satisfy by meeting demands |
| arbitrary | AHR-buht-reh-ree | existing or coming about seemingly at random or by chance or as a capricious and unreasonable act of will |
| articulate | ahr-TIHK-yuh-lAYt | expressing oneself readily, clearly, and effectively |
| austerity | aws-TEH-rih-tee | strict reduction in spending or comfort |
| autonomy | aw-TAH-nuh-mee | the ability or right to govern oneself |
| benevolent | buh-NEH-vuh-luhnt | kind and generous |
| bias | BEYE-uhs | an unfair preference that affects judgment |
| bureaucracy | byoo-RAHK-ruh-see | a system managed through departments and formal rules |
| coalition | kOH-uh-LIH-shuhn | a temporary alliance of groups |
| coercion | kOH-UR-shuhn | the use of force or threats to make someone act |
| commodity | kuh-MAH-duh-tee | a raw material or basic product that can be traded |
| concession | kuhn-SEH-shuhn | something admitted or granted during an argument or negotiation |
| consensus | kuhn-SEHN-suhs | general agreement among a group |
| constituent | kuhn-STIH-choo-uhnt | a voter represented by an elected official; a component part |
| contemporary | kuhn-TEHM-pur-eh-ree | belonging to or occurring in the present time |
| contradiction | kahn-truh-DIHK-shuhn | a statement or situation that conflicts with another |
| credible | KREH-duh-buhl | believable and trustworthy |
| criterion | krEYE-TIH-ree-uhn | a standard on which a judgment or decision may be based |
| cumulative | KYOOM-yuh-luh-tihv | increasing by successive additions |
| debate | duh-BAYT | a contention by words or arguments |
| demographic | deh-muhg-RA-fihk | relating to characteristics of a population |
| diplomacy | dihp-LOH-muh-see | managing relations between countries through negotiation |
| disparity | dihs-PEH-ruh-tee | a noticeable and often unfair difference |
| doctrine | DAHK-truhn | a set of beliefs taught by a group |
| empirical | ehm-PIH-rih-kuhl | based on observation, experience, or experiment |
| equity | EHK-wuh-tee | fairness that accounts for differing needs |
| evaluate | ih-VAL-yoo-AYt | to judge quality or value using evidence |
| evidence | EH-vuh-duhns | facts or signs that show something is true |
| exacerbate | ihg-ZA-sur-bAYt | to make a problem worse |
| explicit | ihks-PLIH-suht | stated clearly and directly |
| fiscal | FIHS-kuhl | relating to government revenue, spending, or finance |
| ideology | EYE-dee-AH-luh-jee | a system of ideas and beliefs |
| implication | ihm-pluh-KAY-shuhn | something implied: such as |
| incentive | ihn-SEHN-tihv | something that motivates action |
| infrastructure | ihn-fruhs-TRUHK-chur | the basic physical and organizational systems a society or business needs |
| inherent | ihn-HIH-ruhnt | existing as a natural or essential part |
| institution | ihn-stih-TOO-shuhn | an established organization or system |
| interpret | ihn-TURP-ruht | to explain the meaning of something |
| intervention | ihn-tur-VEHN-shuhn | action taken to change an outcome |
| legislation | leh-juhs-LAY-shuhn | laws considered or enacted by a governing body |
| legitimate | luh-JIH-tuh-muht | lawful, valid, or reasonable |
| mandate | MAN-dAYt | an official order or authority to act |
| methodology | meh-thuh-DAH-luh-jee | a system of methods used in a field or study |
Grade 11 · List B50 words
| Word | How to say it | What it means |
|---|---|---|
| mitigate | MIH-tuh-gAYt | to make less severe or harmful |
| monopoly | muh-NAH-puh-lee | exclusive control of a market or service |
| nuance | NOO-ahns | a subtle difference in meaning or feeling |
| objective | uhb-JEHK-tihv | not influenced by personal feelings; also a goal |
| paradigm | PEH-ruh-dEYEm | a model or widely accepted way of understanding something |
| policy | PAH-luh-see | prudence or wisdom in the management of affairs |
| precedent | PREH-sih-duhnt | an earlier event or decision used as an example for later cases |
| premise | PREH-mihs | a proposition antecedently supposed or proved as a basis of argument or inference |
| proliferation | prOH-lih-fur-AY-shuhn | rapid increase or spread |
| qualitative | KWAH-luh-tAY-tihv | relating to qualities rather than numerical amounts |
| quantitative | KWAHN-tih-tAY-tihv | relating to measured numerical amounts |
| reconcile | REH-kuhn-sEYEl | to restore agreement or make differing ideas consistent |
| regulation | rehg-yuh-LAY-shuhn | an official rule or the act of controlling something |
| rhetoric | REH-tur-ihk | language used effectively to persuade or communicate |
| sanction | SANG-kshuhn | an official penalty or approval, depending on context |
| sovereignty | SAHV-ruhn-tee | the authority of a state to govern itself |
| subsidy | SUHB-sih-dee | money given to support an activity or industry |
| synthesize | SIHN-thuh-sEYEz | to combine ideas into a new whole |
| validate | VA-luh-dAYt | to confirm that something is sound, accurate, or acceptable |
| welfare | WEHL-fehr | the state of doing well especially in respect to good fortune, happiness, well-being, or prosperity |
| allegory | A-luh-gaw-ree | a story whose characters and events represent deeper ideas |
| allusion | uh-LOO-zhuhn | an indirect reference to a familiar person, event, or work |
| anaphora | uh-NA-fur-uh | repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses |
| antecedent | an-TEH-suh-duhnt | a word or event that comes before another |
| aphorism | A-fur-ih-zuhm | a short statement expressing a general truth |
| catharsis | kuh-THAHR-suhs | the release of strong emotion through art or experience |
| characterization | keh-ruhk-tur-ih-ZAY-shuhn | the methods used to reveal a character’s qualities |
| connotation | kah-nuh-TAY-shuhn | the feelings or ideas suggested by a word |
| diction | DIHK-shuhn | a writer’s or speaker’s choice of words |
| elegy | EH-luh-jee | a poem in elegiac couplets |
| ethos | EE-thahs | an appeal based on credibility or character |
| figurative | FIHG-yur-uh-tihv | using words in an imaginative, nonliteral way |
| hyperbole | hEYE-PUR-buh-lee | extravagant exaggeration |
| imagery | IH-muhj-ree | descriptive language that appeals to the senses |
| irony | EYE-ruh-nee | a contrast between expectation and reality |
| logos | LOH-gOHz | an appeal based on logic and evidence |
| metaphor | MEH-tuh-fawr | a comparison that says one thing is another |
| motif | mOH-TEEF | a recurring image, idea, or element in a work |
| pathos | PAY-thahs | an appeal to emotion |
| personification | pur-sah-nuh-fuh-KAY-shuhn | giving human qualities to nonhuman things |
| satire | SA-tEYE-ur | humor or exaggeration used to criticize |
| symbolism | SIHM-buh-lih-zuhm | the use of objects or images to represent larger ideas |
| syntax | SIHN-taks | the arrangement of words and phrases in sentences |
| tone | TOHN | vocal or musical sound of a specific quality |
| meiosis | mEYE-OH-suhs | cell division that produces reproductive cells |
| mitosis | mye-TOH-sis | cell division that produces two genetically similar cells |
| chromosome | KROH-muh-sOHm | a structure in a cell that contains DNA |
| genome | JEE-nOHm | all the genetic material in an organism |
| phenotype | FEE-nuh-tEYEp | observable traits produced by genes and environment |
| genotype | JEH-nuh-tEYEp | an organism’s genetic makeup |
Grade 12 · List A50 words
| Word | How to say it | What it means |
|---|---|---|
| abstruse | uhbs-TROOS | difficult to understand |
| acquiescence | ak-wee-EH-suhns | acceptance without protest |
| ameliorate | uh-MEEL-yur-AYt | to make something better |
| anomaly | uh-NAH-muh-lee | something that differs from what is expected |
| antecedent | an-TEH-suh-duhnt | a word or event that comes before another |
| antipathy | an-TIH-puh-thee | a strong feeling of dislike |
| apocryphal | uh-PAHK-ruh-fuhl | probably untrue, though widely repeated |
| arbitrary | AHR-buht-reh-ree | existing or coming about seemingly at random or by chance or as a capricious and unreasonable act of will |
| assiduous | uh-SIHD-wuhs | showing persistent care and effort |
| autonomy | aw-TAH-nuh-mee | the ability or right to govern oneself |
| bolster | BOHL-stur | to support or strengthen |
| candor | KAN-dur | honest and open expression |
| cogent | KOH-juhnt | clear, logical, and convincing |
| complacency | kuhm-PLAY-suhn-see | self-satisfaction that prevents awareness of danger or needed improvement |
| concede | kuhn-SEED | to admit that something is true or valid |
| conundrum | kuh-NUHN-druhm | a difficult and confusing problem |
| corroborate | kur-AH-bur-AYt | to support a claim with additional evidence |
| criterion | krEYE-TIH-ree-uhn | a standard on which a judgment or decision may be based |
| deference | DEH-fur-uhns | respectful submission to another’s judgment |
| delineate | dih-LIH-nee-AYt | to describe or outline precisely |
| dichotomy | dEYE-KAH-tuh-mee | a division into two contrasting parts |
| disparate | DIHS-pur-iht | fundamentally different |
| disseminate | dih-SEH-muh-nAYt | to spread information widely |
| dogmatic | dahg-MA-tihk | asserting beliefs as unquestionably true |
| eclectic | ihk-LEHK-tihk | drawn from a variety of sources or styles |
| empirical | ehm-PIH-rih-kuhl | based on observation, experience, or experiment |
| enigma | ih-NIHG-muh | a puzzling or mysterious person or thing |
| ephemeral | ih-FEH-mur-uhl | lasting for a very short time |
| equivocal | ihk-WIH-vuh-kuhl | uncertain or open to more than one interpretation |
| erudite | EH-ruh-dEYEt | having extensive knowledge |
| exacerbate | ihg-ZA-sur-bAYt | to make a problem worse |
| extrapolate | ehks-TRA-puh-lAYt | to estimate beyond known information |
| fallacy | FA-luh-see | an error in reasoning |
| feasible | FEE-zuh-buhl | possible and practical to accomplish |
| fortuitous | fawr-TOO-ih-tuhs | happening by chance, often fortunately |
| galvanize | GAL-vuh-nEYEz | to shock or inspire into action |
| hegemony | hee-JEH-muh-nee | dominance of one group or state over others |
| hypothesis | hEYE-PAH-thuh-suhs | a testable explanation or prediction |
| immutable | ihm-YOO-tuh-buhl | unable to be changed |
| implication | ihm-pluh-KAY-shuhn | something implied: such as |
| incumbent | ihn-KUHM-buhnt | currently holding an office; required as a duty |
| incongruous | ihng-KAWNG-roo-uhs | not in harmony with the surroundings or situation |
| indigenous | ihn-DIH-juh-nuhs | originating naturally in a particular place |
| inherent | ihn-HIH-ruhnt | existing as a natural or essential part |
| innovate | IH-nuh-vAYt | to introduce a new idea, method, or product |
| integrity | ihn-TEHG-ruh-tee | honesty and strong moral principles |
| juxtapose | juhk-stuh-POHZ | to place side by side for comparison |
| lucid | LOO-suhd | clear and easy to understand |
| mitigate | MIH-tuh-gAYt | to make less severe or harmful |
| nuance | NOO-ahns | a subtle difference in meaning or feeling |
Grade 12 · List B50 words
| Word | How to say it | What it means |
|---|---|---|
| paradigm | PEH-ruh-dEYEm | a model or widely accepted way of understanding something |
| paradox | PEH-ruh-dahks | a tenet contrary to received opinion |
| pragmatic | prag-MA-tihk | focused on practical results |
| precedent | PREH-sih-duhnt | an earlier event or decision used as an example for later cases |
| propensity | pruh-PEHN-sih-tee | a natural tendency |
| reconcile | REH-kuhn-sEYEl | to restore agreement or make differing ideas consistent |
| redundant | rih-DUHN-duhnt | unnecessarily repeated or no longer needed |
| refute | rihf-YOOT | to prove a claim wrong with evidence |
| salient | SAY-lee-uhnt | most noticeable or important |
| scrutinize | SKROO-tuh-nEYEz | to examine very carefully |
| substantiate | suhb-STAN-chee-AYt | to support with evidence |
| succinct | suhk-SIHNGKT | clearly expressed in few words |
| synthesize | SIHN-thuh-sEYEz | to combine ideas into a new whole |
| tenacious | tuh-NAY-shuhs | persistent and determined |
| tentative | TEHN-tuh-tihv | not final or certain |
| ubiquitous | yoo-BIHK-wih-tuhs | present or found everywhere |
| validate | VA-luh-dAYt | to confirm that something is sound, accurate, or acceptable |
| viable | VEYE-uh-buhl | capable of working successfully |
| rhetoric | REH-tur-ihk | language used effectively to persuade or communicate |
| discourse | DIHS-kawrs | formal discussion or connected written or spoken communication |
| thesis | THEE-suhs | a central argument or a long research paper |
| methodology | meh-thuh-DAH-luh-jee | a system of methods used in a field or study |
| qualitative | KWAH-luh-tAY-tihv | relating to qualities rather than numerical amounts |
| quantitative | KWAHN-tih-tAY-tihv | relating to measured numerical amounts |
| correlation | kaw-ruh-LAY-shuhn | a relationship in which two variables change together |
| causation | kaw-ZAY-shuhn | the relationship in which one event causes another |
| variable | VEH-ree-uh-buhl | something that can change |
| longitudinal | lahn-juh-TOO-duh-nuhl | involving repeated observations over a long period |
| demographic | deh-muhg-RA-fihk | relating to characteristics of a population |
| socioeconomic | sOH-see-OH-eh-kuh-NAH-mihk | relating to social and economic factors |
| jurisprudence | joo-ruhs-PROO-duhns | the theory or philosophy of law |
| constitutional | kahn-stuh-TOO-shuh-nuhl | relating to the fundamental laws of a government |
| governance | GUH-vur-nuhns | the way an organization or country is directed |
| fiscal | FIHS-kuhl | relating to government revenue, spending, or finance |
| monetary | MAH-nuh-teh-ree | relating to money or currency |
| ethics | EH-thihks | principles of right and wrong conduct |
| sustainability | suhs-tAY-nuh-BIH-lih-tee | meeting present needs without harming future resources |
| globalization | glOH-buh-lih-ZAY-shuhn | growing worldwide connection of economies and cultures |
| entrepreneurship | ahn-truhp-ruh-NUR-shihp | the activity of starting and running new businesses |
| infrastructure | ihn-fruhs-TRUHK-chur | the basic physical and organizational systems a society or business needs |
| algorithm | AL-gur-ih-thuhm | a step-by-step method for solving a problem |
| cybersecurity | SYE-bur-sih-KYOOR-uh-tee | protection of computer systems and data from attack |
| encryption | ehn-KRIHP-shuhn | encoding information so only authorized people can read it |
| database | DAY-tuh-bAYs | an organized collection of electronic information |
| analytics | a-nuh-LIH-tihks | the systematic analysis of data |
| biotechnology | bEYE-OH-tehk-NAH-luh-jee | the use of living systems to develop products or processes |
| neuroscience | NYOO-rOH-sEYE-uhns | the scientific study of the nervous system |
| epidemiology | eh-puh-deh-mee-AH-luh-jee | the study of patterns and causes of disease in populations |
| psychology | sEYE-KAH-luh-jee | the scientific study of mind and behavior |
| sociology | sOH-see-AH-luh-jee | the study of society and social relationships |